Pharmaceutics question database

Pharmaceutics-1 available questions: [CoU-2021, CoU-2020, CoU-2017, CoU-2019, IU-2020, BSMRSTU-2021, BSMRSTU-2020, BSMRSTU-2019, BSMRSTU-2018, BSMRSTU-2017]

Pharmaceutics-2 available questions: [CoU-2020, BSMRSTU-2019, BSMRSTU-2018, BSMRSTU-2017]

[If you have any semester final exam questions for this course, please send them to this WhatsApp number: 01325972889. I will upload them to the database.]

[CoU-2021] Pharmaceutics-1

Define pharmaceutical excipient. Why is it necessary?

What is antioxidant? Classify it with example.

Why preservatives are important in pharmaceutical formulation?

Write on: (1) humectants (iii) antifoaming agent.

What is syrup? Give its advantages and disadvantages.

Illustrate complexation and salt formation of a drug

Define: (1) elixir (ii) linctus (iii) collodions (iv) lotion.

Demonstrate the theory of sedimentation of drug particle in a liquid preparation.

Discuss the antiparticle forces of drug in suspension.

Write note on: (i) flocculation (ii) coalescence.

What is zeta potential? Mention its importance.

What do you mean by solubility? Write down the factors affecting solubility.

What is cosolvent? What are the roles of cosolvent?

What is buffer? Write down the significance of buffer in biological systems.

Classify emulgents with example.

Illustrate the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of surfactants.

Briefly describe the assessment procedure of emulsion shelf-life.

What do you mean by semisolid dosage form? Differentiate among ointment, paste and cream.

Discuss the factors that affect the absorption of drug through skin.

Classify ointment base with example.

Discuss about the structure of skin.

What is penetration enhancer? Describe about various penetration enhancer.

Illustrate the evaluation methods of ointments.

Write about any three topics from the following:

a) Colouring agent.

b) Emulsion instability.

e) Effect of plon solubility profile of a drug.

d) Controlled flocculation.

e) Micellization.

[CoU-2020] Pharmaceutics-1

Define pharmaceutical excipient . Write the significance of it in pharmacy. What is antioxidant? Classify it with example. Why are preservatives called stabilizer? Write on i ) co - solvent ii ) humectants ii ) anti foaming agent What is syrup? Differentiate between O/W and W/O emulsions. Illustrate complexation and salt formation of a drug. Write on : i ) elixir ii ) liniments iii ) colloids iv ) lotion Describe the effects of PH solubility of drug. Classify various types of solutions. Define preformulation. Why preformulation is needed in dosage form development? Define zeta potential and adsorption. Differentiate between flocculated and non-flocculated suspension. Define emulsifying agents. Give the classification of emulsifying agents with example. Describe the precipitation method of suspension formulation. Write the ideal properties of suspending agents. Classify emulsifying agents with example. Illustrate the hydrophilic and lipophillic balance of surfactants. Briefly state the assessment procedure of emulsion shelf-life. Discuss various methods of emulsion formation. What do you mean by HLB? Write on the methods of calculating HLB value of emulsifying agents. Mention the functional and non-functional purposes of coating polymers and functions of diluents in pharmaceutical dosage form. How can you classify suppositories? Mention the advantages and disadvantages of suppositories. Give the ideal properties of a suppository base. Discuss the factors that affect drug absorption from colon. Derive an equation that shows the relationship between ionized and unionized drug concentration with pH for an acidic drug. Narrate the factors that affect skin penetration of semisolid drug. Illustrate the quality control process of semi-solid drug. [CoU-2019] Pharmaceutics-1 Define pharmaceutical excipient. Classify it with example. What is antioxidant? How does an antioxidant acts? What do you mean by: i) foarming agent ii) humectants iii) air displacement agents What is syrup? What are its advantages and disadvantages. Illustrate complexation and salt formation of drug for increasing solubility. Write down the various types of solutions. What is preformulation? Evaluate the importance of preformulation. Discuss on the bulk characterization of drug Write on: (i) eta potential (i) flocculation. What is semi-solid drug? Compare and contrast between ointment and cream. Narrate the physiology of skin with figure. Describe how the quality of a semisolid drug is assessed. What are suppositories? Evaluate their rational use compared with other form of drug. Describe the evaluation process of suppositories. Narrate the factors affecting drug absorption from colon. Elaborate on the desired features of an emulsion. State various advantages and disadvantages of emulsion. Describe various QC tests and stress tests for emulsion. Write a short note on additives used in preparation of emulsion. Last five patient conditions or attributes which would cause you to use a rectal route of administration for a drug rather than another type of dosage form. Explain the differences between suspension and emulsion. Mention in detail about stability problems encountered by suspension. Explain about flocculated and deflocculated suspension. Write short note on i) Polymorphism ii) Partion coefficient iii) Bulk density iv) Hygroscopicity Discuss the protocols followed in the preformulation studies. Briefly write about handing of prescription. Write about imperial system of weights and measures.

[CoU-2017] Pharmaceutics-I

What are excipients? Why they are important in formulation?

How does a disintegrant cause double DT of tablet?

Define preservative. Which factors should be considered in choice of a preservative?

How does antioxidant activity can be improved?

What is compounding? Which factors are vital in compounding?

Write the qualities of good containers and closures.

State the mechanism of filtration.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of plastic containers?

Which information you can obtain from preformulation study?

"Prodrug overcome formulation problem without compromising bioavailability"-Justify the statement with example.

Why common ion effect is important in dissolution and absorption?

How does solution stability tested?

State the process of determining pH of aqueous solution.

What is dielectric constant? Why it is important in solubility?

Which factors should be considered in choice of solubilizer?

Differentiate among solution, colloid and suspension.

Which methods a pharmacist should apply to overcome common filling problem?

Give the theory of solution made with polar solvent and ionic solute.

What are the merits of liquid dosage forms?

Define with example- i) Antifoaming agent ii) Co-solvents

What are the limitations of chemical modification used to improve solubility of drug?

Dictate the formulation and advantages of water removable bases

Which factors affect percutaneous absorption of drug Briefly describe the packaging of semisolids.

Why particle size is important in suspension preparation

Explain the optical phenomena of colloidal dispersion?

Distinguish between flocculated and deflocculated suspension

What are electrophoresis and electroosmosis ?

Define suppository. Classify different type of suppositories.

Illustrate different formulation method of suppositories.

Write the factors affecting the drug absorption from colon.

[CoU-2020] Pharmaceutics-2

Discuss the reasons for granulation. Give a flow chart for manufacturing of tablets by wet and dry granulation.

For which kind of ingredients direct compression method is preferable?

Write down the advantages of solid dosage form in comparison to liquid dosage form.

Classify tablets with example.

What are caplets? Show the difference between tablet and pill.

What are the functions of excipients in tablets?

Give two examples of disintegrants, granulating agents, lubricants and coloring agents with their percentages used in tablet formulation.

Why are disintegrating agents added in two portions?

Give short notes on capping, lamination, cracking and sticking.

Why is friability test needed for physical evaluation a tablet?

Write the properties of an ideal granulating agent.

Show the difference between dry granulation and wet granulation methods of tablet formation.

What is compaction and compression of powder in tablet formation?

How can you evaluate the weight variation and drug contents of tablets?

Mention the factors which affect the strength of tablet.

How does particle size affect the flow rate of powder during compression?

Define tablet coating. What are the purposes of tablet coating?

What are the key factors to be considered during film coating process?

What are the problems of organic and aqueous film coating?

Why film coating is preferable than sugar coating?

Define gelatin as a major component of the capsule. Mention the source and properties of gelatin.

Discuss the formulation factors affecting the stability of soft gelatin capsule.

For a capsule formulation, the theoretical fill weight is 350 mg and the tapped bulk density is 0.50 gm/nl. How can you determine the right capsule size for this formulation?

Mention the limitation of filling materials in capsule formulation.

Briefly discuss the methods of preparation of soft gelatin capsule.

Write the difference between hard and soft gelatin capsule.

Explain about the bloom strength, plasticizer and opacifiers.

How can you differentiate between type-A gelatin and type- B gelatin.

Define microcapsules and microspheres. Write the reasons for microcapsulation.

How can you manufacture a microencapsulated product by air suspension method!

Enumerate the release mechanisms of microcapsulated product.

Give a list of microcapsulated drugs.

[IU-2020] Pharmaceutics-1 Define preformulation? Why it is done? [IU-2020] 'Pro-drug synthesis and salt formation are two important approaches during preformulation studies'- justify. [IU-2020] Calculate the amount of aspirin required 500 ml of a 0.9 % solution. [IU-2020] What do you mean by hygroscopicity and how is measured ? Write down its importance in pharmaceuticals. [IU-2020] Show the relationship between pH and pKa for acidic and basic drugs. Explain its significance on drug solubility and absorption. [IU-2020] Prepare 1000 grams of dil. Acetic acid from acetic acid B. P. 33 % and 6 % w/w using allegation method. [IU-2020] Define excipients. Mention the ideal properties and functions of excipients. [IU-2020] Detail the classification of excipients with examples. [IU-2020] Mention the functionality related characteristics of disintegrants and their potential impact in an oral solid dosage form. [IU-2020] Discuss the method of preparation for 600 ml of alcohol from 95 % alcohol. [IU-2020] What are organoleptic additives? Write down the sources of coloring and flavoring agents with examples. [IU-2020] Differentiate between lubricants and glidants. [IU-2020] Write down the classification and mode of action of surfectants. [IU-2020] Convert the followings: 550 mg into grains, 1 table spoonful into ml and 1 grain to mg. [IU-2020] Define the following terms with respect to the pharmaceutical products at least one example of each- i ) Polymer ii ) Repeating unit iii ) Homo polymer iv ) Vinyl monomer [IU-2020] Mention at least four macromolecules as well as polymers? [IU-2020] Distinguish between simple molecule and polymer molecule. [IU-2020] Write the structural formula of the following high polymers and their corresponding monomer structure: i ) Starch; ii ) Chitin; iii ) Nylon 6, 10 ; iv ) Natural silk [IU-2020] Write the uses of the following macromolecules: i ) Teflon ii ) Terylene [IU-2020] What do you mean by radical? Write the structural formula and radical formulation from the following initiators : i ) AVA ii ) CPO iii ) TBHPO [IU-2020] Write the international recycling code of the following polymers ? ii ) HDPE iii ) PET iv ) LDPE v ) PVC i ) PSt vi ) PP [IU-2020] Derive the equation of 'number average molecular weight ( Mn )' 'weight average molecular weight ( Mw )' of polymers. [IU-2020] Write short note on: (i) Carr's index and Hausner ratio (ii) Angle of repose (iii) Partition affinity on drug transport [IU-2020]

[BSMRSTU-2021] Basic Pharmaceutics-1

Define pre-formulation with its importance in the development of dosage form.

Name the techniques used to determine melting point.

Write down the investigation steps involved in pre-formulation studies.

Which factors do affect p value?

Discuss the quantitative determination method of solubility.

Explain pro-drug approach with suitable example.

Give some examples of endothermic and exothermic processes.

Write down the importance of pharmaceutical calculations.

Explain idiosyncrasy and tachyphylaxis.

How will you prepare 1% solution of boric acid, iso-osmotic with blood plasma.

Calculate the amount of 85% alcohol required to prepare 250ml of 70% alcohol.

How do we calculate the strength of alcohol

Explain avoirdupois and apothecaries' system?

What is the proof spirit of 80% v/v alcohol?

Why does sticking occur? What type of excipient is used to prevent sticking and how do they act?

Give functions of preservatives in pharmaceutical preparations. Mention the ideal properties of preservatives.

Classify pharmaceutical polymers based on their occurrence.

Define the terms: (i) Tacticity (ii) Tensile strength (iii) Glass transition temperature.

Mention the properties of an ideal polymer used in pharmaceutical formulations.

What are the selection parameters you will consider for a biomedical polymer?

Enumerate the functions of plasticizers. Write down the properties of an ideal plasticizer.

Define polymer. Write down the pharmaceutical applications of polymer.

Spell out the chemical and mechanical properties of polymer.

Differentiate between plasticity and elasticity.

[BSMRSTU-2020] Pharmaceutics-1 What is Polymerization? Classify polymers based on molecular forces. Write two physical properties of polymers. Discuss about the pharmaceutical applications of polymers. Define Thermoset & Thermoplastic Elastomers. What is melting point? How can melting point be tested during preformulation studies? What are the different aspects of choosing solvent in pre-formulation studies? How can you assay the powder flow property of the drug? Differentiate between DSC & DTA. What are the effects of particle size & shape on drug substance? What is solubility? Write the USP classification of solubility. Briefly discuss about pro-drug approach. What are the ideal characteristics of an excipient? Define & classify coating agents. Why do we prefer hydrophobic lubricants than the hydrophilic lubricants? What are the features of fillers? Discuss about Imperial System. Calculate the weight of 200ml of alcohol whose density is 0.816g/ml. Calculate the volume of 95% alcohol required to prepare 600ml of 70% alcohol. What is the proof strength of 95% v/v alcohol? What is Posology? Which factors do influence in dose? What be the dose for a child of 10 years if the adult dose of a drug is 600mg? Inscribe the drawbacks of grinding. List some preservatives used in pharmaceutical preparations. What is HLB value? How does it affect surfactant activity? Give some examples & uses of chelating agents. Describe the physiological properties of natural colorants. Write down the role of glidant. [BSMRSTU-2019] Pharmaceutics-1 Define preformulation. Briefly describe the goal of preformulation. Enumerate the rule of five. Write a short note on shake flask methods What is crystallinity? Show different shapes of crystals. What is critical micelle concentration? Write down the mechanism formation of micelle. Briefly describe the general methods of increasing the solubility. How oxidation affects drugs? Differentiate wet and dry oxidation. How can you differentiate an excipient from API? What are the properties of an ideal diluent? Give name of five diluents used in tablet. What are the differences between disintegrants and super-disintegrants? Why co-solvents are used in formulations? What is an antioxidant? Classify them with suitable examples. Write down the ideal properties of an antioxidant. Define lubricant. Why do we prefer hydrophobic lubricants than the hydrophillic lubricants? What is the HLB value? Show the HLB value of different surfactants inspect of their applications. What do you know by sticking? What type of excipient is used to prevent sticking and how do they act? Why we use preservatives in pharmaceutical preparations? Mention the ideal properties of preservatives. Define polymers. Classify pharmaceutical polymers based on their occurrence. Define the terms: (i) Tacticity (ii) Tensile strength (iii) Glass transition temperature Write down the characteristics of an ideal pharmaceutical polymer. Enumerate the selection parameters of biomedical polymers. Why we use plasticizers? Illustrate the ideal properties of plasticizers. Mention the purpose of alligation method. How much quantity 20, 30, 50 and 60% alcohol should be mixed to get 40% alcohol? Discuss the factors influencing dose calculation. Suppose, for a particular drug the dose for an adult is 400 mg. Calculate the dose for a child of 5 years by using Young's, Dilling's, Fried's and Cowling's formula. [BSMRSTU-2018] Pharmaceutics-1 What are tonicity modifiers? How will you adjust the isotonicity of a pharmaceutical product? Calculate the quantity of NaCl which should be added to 30 ml of 0.3% of pilocarpine nitrate to make it isotonic. [NaCl equivalent of pilocarpine nitrate is 0.22 gm]. What is buffer? How does it work? Define surfactant. Why should all parenteral products be isotonic? Describe the dermatological factors that affect the selection of ointment base. What is water for injection? Mention the disadvantages of water as solvent. What do you mean by stabilizer? Illustrate the mechanism of action of primary anti-oxidants. Why are plasticizers needed for film coating? Define synergists. Distinguish between glidant and lubricant. Describe different types of thickening agents used to stabilize suspension. Mention the name, properties and uses of two commonly used reducing agents. Define preservatives and mention its ideal characteristics. Why do we use plasticizers in film coating? Illustrate the ideal characteristics of suppository base. Define disintegrating agent and mention their mechanism of action. How can you choose a solvent system in pre-formulation testing? Ions can greatly influence the intrinsic dissolution rate of drug- how? What is melting point? How can melting point be tested during preformulation studies? Salt form of drugs has great influence on final product quality and efficiency. Briefly describe the physical parameters that can affect the stability of a drug. Briefly describe the classification polymers. Write down the pharmaceutical applications of polymers. Describe the mechanism of release of drug from polymeric nanoparticles. [BSMRSTU-2017] Pharmaceutics-1 What is iso-osmotic pressure? Write down the general principles for adjustment of isotonicity. Find out the concentration of NaCl required to make a 1.5 % solution of cocaine HCliso-osmotic with blood plasma. [Given the freezing point of 1% w/v solution of cocaine HCI is -0.09 "C. The freezing point of 1% w/v solution of NaCl is -0.576 °C.] What do you mean by posology? Give Young's formula for calculation of drug doses of children. Classify antioxidants with examples. How does antioxidant prevent the auto-oxidation of pharmaceutical products? What are oleaginous bases? What are the factors that are to be considered during selection of bases? Describe the ideal properties of anti-microbial preservatives with their usable concentration. What are the effects of binders on disintegration time of tablets? How do disintegrants work? Define plasticizer with examples? Narrate the importance of using tonicity modifier in IV formulations. Briefly discus about the manufacturing additives of tablets. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of water as vehicle. Mention the name, properties and uses of two commonly used reducing agents. Briefly describe the classification of ointment base. Define disintegrating agent and mention their mechanism of action. Why do we use plasticizers in film coating? Write down the differences between glidant and lubricant. What is buffer? Mention the names of some commonly used buffer systems. Explain the effect of heat on solubility of a drug in particular solvent. Pharmacokinetic properties of many drug formulations are modified using salt form of drugs -explain. How can you measure the compression characteristics of a drug? Define crystal habit. How can it be modified? What is melting point? How can melting point be tested during preformulation studies? Briefly describe the physical parameters that can affect the stability of a drug. Define pharmaceutical polymer. Describe the general mechanism of drug release from polymer. Classify polymers with example. What are criteria to be considered in selection of polymer? Define polymorphism. How does polymorphism affect the solubility of solids in liquids?

[BSMRSTU-2019] Basic Pharmaceutics - II

Illustrate the utilities of Fick's law and Noyes-Whitney equation regarding dissolution of solids in liquid.

Definc electrical double layer. Depict the principal charging mechanism of colloidal particles.

What is coacervation? Hint out the pharmaceutical applications of solubilization.

What is intrinsic solubility? Describe the effects of pH and common ions in the solubility of sparingly soluble substances.

Describe the mechanism of action of surface active agents. Write short note on "Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance".

Explain different reasons of therapeutic incompatibilities with examples.

Illustrate different types of soluble salicylates incompatibilities and their solution with authentic examples.

Mention two examples of chemical incompatibilities causing evolution of carbon dioxide gas.

What is code of ethics? Illustrate the major aspects of the codes pharmaceutical ethics.

Define national formulary. Describe the principle of pharmacy practice.

Write about Indian pharmacopoeia and United State Pharmacopoeia.

Define porosity. Distinguish among bulk volume, veld volume and true volume.

What is sieve number? Discuss the principle of sieving method of particle size analysis.

Let a powder compound B. which initial weight 10 gm. In case passing from 20 sieves remaining powder weight 0.1 gm. And in case of passing from 60 sieves remaining powder weight 6.5gm. Define the type of this powder with explanation.

Define equivalent diameter. How can the equivalent diameter of irregular shape particle be measured?

Illustrate the following statistical terms regarding the particle size distribution-

i) Normal distribution. ii) positively shewed distribution and iii) bimodal distribution

Describe the utilities of Stokes equation regarding the determination particle diameter.

How can the method of particle size be selected?

Define colloid. Describe the kinetic properties of colloids.

Write about two methods used of purification of sols.

Discuss different aspects of solubility of liquids in liquids.

[BSMRSTU-2018] Basic Pharmaceutics- II

Give official classification of the powder drugs.

What is Porosity? What are disadvantages of the sieving method for particle size analysis?

A selected powder has a true density of 4 gm/cc. Experimentally 3.5 gm of powder measures 15 ml in a graduated cylinder. Calculate true volume, void or porosity, apparent density.

How will you evaluate the flow properties of a powder using Carr's Index?

Describe the microscopic method for particle size analysis with its advantages.

Mention the significance and drawback of angle of repose.

A powder was poured through a funnel and resulted in a cone that was 3.3 cm. in height ~3 and 9 cm. in diameter, what is the angle of repose?

Describe the sedimentation method for particle size analysis.

Define i)monograph ii) compendium iii) pharmaceutical codex.

Define national formulary with examples.

Differentiate between pharmacopeia and formulary.

What is INN? Mention the uses of INN.

Mention the code of ethics of pharmacists.

Define solution. Write about liquid-liquid systems.

What do you know about azeotropic solution? Briefly discuss the phenol-water system.

Discuss the process of dissolution of solids in liquids.

Write a short note on 'Aggregation method of sol preparation'.

Enumerate the ultra-filtration method of sol purification.

What is Tyndall effect? Give some examples of Tyndall effect.

Discuss the kinetic properties of sol.

Define the terms: i) Zeta potential ii) Peptization iii)Gold number iv)Associated colloids.

Write down the applications of colloids in medical fields.

Classify gels. Illustrates the properties of gels.

Define Pharmacy. Briefly describe the historical development of pharmacy.

"Pharmacists are undoubtedly the most accessible healthcare professionals in every community"-explain it.

Classify the different era of Pharmacy.

Define and classify hydrolysis. What are the techniques we can adopt for the prevention of hydrolysis?

Write a short note on "Auto-oxidation".

"Isomerization can causes degradation of pharmaceutical products" - explain with examples.

BSMRSTU-2017 Basic Pharmaceutics-II

What do you understand by colloids and colloidal state? Differentiate among colloids, true solution and suspension.

Write down the name of five colloidal products used in daily life activities.

Write a short note on "Tyndall Effect".

State different methods of preparation of colloidal dispersion, Briefly explain any one.

"A colloidal solution is not precipitated in the presence of gelatin"-Why?

How intrinsic, relative and specific viscosities are related to each other?

Define HLB system with its significance. Hydmofilic, Liquifilic dance

Briefly describe about Electrical double layer and Zeta potential.

Write down the application of Electrophoresis and Electro-osmosis.

Briefly describe various methods commonly used for coagulation of sols.

What is solubility? Clarify three practical expressions of concentration.

Describe the utilities of Noyes-Whitney equation in describing dissolution characteristics of a partially soluble substance.

Suppose a solvent A and a solvent B have forces of attraction between as A-A, B-B and A-B, What are the probable solubility patterns?

Nature of the solvent and pH of the solution greatly influence the solubility of a solid in liquid-how?

Illustrate the mechanism of dissolution.

A substance is soluble in both components of a mixture of immiscible liquids. How will you explain its distribution patterns?

What is incompatibility? How does it occur?

Define physical incompatibility. Describe with examples, the incompatibility problems that may occur due to insolubility.

Illustrate the reasons that are responsible for therapeutic incompatibility.

How and what are the inter-particulate forces that affect the free flowing of powder granules?

How do you evaluate the flow ability of powder using compressibility index and Hausner ratio?

How can you improve the flow ability of a poor flow powder granules?

Which types of medical preparations are used by the Egyptians was listed in the papyruses?

Write down the name and use of some plant drugs that was known by the Pharaohs.

What are the purposes and structure of Pharmacy law?